Explain the term "chip seal" in asphalt maintenance.

Chip seal is a surface treatment technique in asphalt maintenance that involves the application of a binder followed by aggregate chips. This method serves both to rejuvenate the surface of aging pavement and to create a sealed layer that protects against moisture intrusion, oxidation, and other environmental factors that can lead to deterioration.

The process typically involves cleaning the pavement surface, applying a liquid asphalt emulsion, and then spreading a layer of aggregate over the emulsion. After the chips are embedded into the binder, the surface is rolled to ensure proper adhesion. This method is effective for extending the life of the pavement, improving skid resistance, and providing a cost-effective alternative to full pavement reconstruction.

This contrasts with the other options listed; chip seal does not involve complete pavement replacement, nor is it a method for measuring asphalt quality or installing asphalt overlays. Its primary role is in maintenance rather than reconstruction or measurement, making it a valuable practice in maintaining existing pavement infrastructure.